經二年．
- 春．齊侯伐我北鄙．
- 夏．四月．丙戌．衛孫良夫帥師．及齊師戰于新築．衛師敗績．
- 六月．癸酉．季孫行父．臧孫許．叔孫僑如．公孫嬰齊．帥師會晉郤克．衛孫良夫．曹公子首．及齊侯戰于鞍．齊師敗績．
- 秋．七月．齊侯使國佐如師．己酉．及國佐盟于袁婁．
- 八月．壬午．宋公鮑卒．
- 庚寅．衛侯速卒．
- 取汶陽田．
- 冬．楚師．鄭師．侵衛．
- 十有一月．公會楚公子嬰齊于蜀．
- 丙申．公及楚人．秦人．宋人．陳人．衛人．鄭人．齊人．曹人．邾人．薛人．鄫人．盟于蜀．
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1. In the [duke's] second year, in spring, the marquis of Qi invaded our northern border.
2. In summer, in the fourth month, on Bingxu, Sun Liangfu of Wey led a force, and fought with the army of Qi at Xinzhu, when the army of Wey received a severe defeat.
3. In the sixth month, on Guiyou, Jisun Hangfu, Zangsun Xu, Shusun Qiaoru, and Gongsun Yingqi, led a force, and joined Xi Ke of Jin, Sun Liangfu of Wey, and the Gongzi Shou of Cao, [after which] they fought with the marquis of Qi at An, when the army of Qi received a severe defeat.
4. In autumn, in the seventh month, the marquis of Qi sent Guo Zuo to the army [of the allies], which made a covenant with him on Jiyou at Yuanlou.
5. In the eighth month, on Renwu, Bao, duke of Song, died.
6. On Gengyin, Su, marquis of Wey, died.
7. We took the lands of Wenyang.
8. In winter, an army of Chu and an army of Zheng made an incursion into Wey.
9. In the eleventh month, the duke had a meeting with the Gongzi Yingqi of Chu in Shu.
10. On Bingshen, the duke made a covenant in Shu with an officer of Chu, an officer of Qin, an officer of Song, an officer of Chen, an officer of Wey, an officer of Zheng, an officer of Qi, an officer of Cao, an officer of Zhu, an officer of Xue, and an officer of Zeng.
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| 傳二年． |
COMMENTARY |
| 春．齊侯伐我北鄙．圍龍．頃公之嬖人盧蒲就魁．門焉．龍人囚之．齊侯曰．勿殺．吾與而盟．無入而封．弗聽．殺而膊諸城上．齊侯親鼓．士陵城．三日．取龍．遂南侵．及巢丘． |
In the course of this invasion, the marquis of Qi laid siege to Long, when his favourite, Lupu Jiukui was made prisoner in attacking one of the gates. The marquis said, "Do not put him to death, and I will make a covenant with you, and not enter your borders." The people of Long did not listen to the request, but put their prisoner to death, and dismembered him on the top of the wall. The marquis beat the drum himself, while his soldiers strove to mount the wall; and in three days Long was taken. He then made an incursion southwards as far as Chaoqiu. |
| 衛侯使孫良夫．石稷．甯相．向禽．將侵齊．與齊師遇．石子欲還．孫子曰．不可．以師伐人．遇其師而還．將謂君何．若知不能．則如無出．今既遇矣．不如戰也． |
The marquis of Wey sent Sun Liangfu, Shi Ji, Ning Xiang, and Xiang Qin, to lead an incursion into Qi, when they met with the army of that State. Shizi wished to retreat; but Sunzi said, "No. Here we are with an army invading Qi. If we retreat on meeting with its army, what shall be said of our ruler? If we knew that we could not [cope with it], we had better not have come forth. Since we have met it, our best plan is to fight." |
夏．石成子曰．師敗矣．子不少須．眾懼盡．子喪師徒．何以復命．皆不對．又曰．子國卿也．隕子．辱矣．子以眾退．我此乃止．且告車來甚眾．齊師乃止．次于鞫居．
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In summer, Shi Chengzi [Shi Ji; 成 was his posthumous title] said, "The army is defeated. If you do not wait a little [for reinforcements], I am afraid it will be entirely destroyed. If you lose all your men, what report will you have to give [to our ruler]" The other commanders could make no reply, and he continued, [addressing the general], "You are the chief minister of the State. Should we lose you, it will be a disgrace to it. Do you retire with the great body of the troops, while I remain here [to cover your retreat]." By-and-by the approach of a great number of chariots was announced, and the army of Qi stayed its advance, halting at Juju. |
| 新築人仲叔于奚救孫桓子．桓子是以免．既．衛人賞之以邑．辭．請曲縣繁纓以朝．許之． |
It was Zhongshu Yuxi, commandant of Xinzhu, who thus came to the relief of Sun Huanzi, and secured his escape. In consequence, the people of Wey would have rewarded Yuxi with a city, but he refused it, and asked that he might be allowed to have his suspended instruments of music disposed incompletely [like those of the prince of a State], and to appear at court with the saddle-girth and bridle-trappings of a prince;—which was granted to him. |
仲尼聞之曰．惜也．不如多與之邑．唯器與名．不可以假人．君之所司也．名以出信．信以守器．器以藏禮．禮以行義．義以生利．利以平民．政之大節也．若以假人．與人政也．政亡．則國家從之．弗可止也已．
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When Zhongni [Confucius] heard of this, he said, "Alas! it would have been better to give him many cities. It is only peculiar articles of use, and names, which cannot be granted to other [than those to whom they belong];—to them a ruler has particularly to attend. It is by [the right use of] names that he secures the confidence [of the people]; it is by that confidence that he preserves the articles [distinctive of ranks]; it is in those articles that the ceremonial distinctions of rank are hid; those ceremonial distinctions are essential to the practice of righteousness; it is righteousness which contributes to the advantage [of the State]; and it is that advantage which secures the quiet of the people. Attention to these things is the condition of [good] government. If they be conceded where they ought not to be conceded, it is giving away the government to the recipients. When the government thus perishes, the State will follow it;—it is not possible to arrest that issue. |
| 孫桓子還於新築．不入．遂如晉乞師．臧宣叔亦如晉乞師．皆主郤獻子．晉侯許之七百乘．郤子曰．此城濮之賦也．有先君之明．與先大夫之肅．故捷．克於先大夫．無能為役．請八百乘．許之．郤克將中軍．士燮將上軍．欒書將下軍．韓厥為司馬．以救魯衛．臧宣叔逆晉師．且道之．季文子帥師會之． |
Sun Huanzi returned to Xinzhu; but instead of entering it, he went on immediately to Jin to beg the assistance of an army. [At the same time], Zang Xuanshu [Zangsun Xu] had gone to Jin for a similar purpose; and they both lodged with Xi Xianzi [Xi Ke; see the Zhuan on VII. xvi. 5], to whom the marquis granted [an army of] 700 chariots [for an expedition against Qi]. Xizi said, "This was the amount of the force at Chengpu [See the 28th year of duke Xi], where it triumphed through the wisdom of our duke and the cautious valour of his great officers, whose servant I am not fit to be." He then requested a force of 800 chariots, which was granted him. He himself commanded the army of the centre. Shi Xie [Fan Wenzi; see the 2d Zhuan appended to VII. xvii. 5], as assistant, had the command of the 1st army, and Luan Shu commanded the 3d; Han Jue [Han Xianzi; see account of the battle of Bi in the Zhuan on VII. xii. 3] being marshal of the host. And thus they proceeded to the relief of Lu and Wey. Zang Xuanshu met the army and guided its march, while Ji Wenzi [Jisun Hangfu] joined it with the forces [of Lu]. |
| 及衛地．韓獻子將斬人．郤獻子馳將救之．至．則既斬之矣．郤子使速以徇．告其僕曰．吾以分謗也．師從齊師于莘．六月．壬申．師至于靡笄之下．齊侯使請戰．曰．子以君師．辱於敝邑．不腆敝賦．詰朝請見．對曰．晉與魯衛．兄弟也．來告曰．大國朝夕釋憾於敝邑之地．寡君不忍．使群臣請於大國．無令輿師．淹於君地．能進不能退．君無所辱命．齊侯曰．大夫之許．寡人之願也．若其不許．亦將見也． |
When the army came to the territory of Wey, Han Xianzi being about to behead a man, Xi Xianzi hurried in his chariot to save the culprit; but before he arrived, the punishment was inflicted. Immediately he sent [the man's head] all round the host, saying to his charioteer, "I will thus share the reproach of the deed." The army followed that of Qi to Xin, and in the 6th month, on Renshen, it arrived at the foot of [mount] Miji. There the marquis of Qi sent a challenge to fight, saying [to Xi Ke], "You have condescended to come to my poor State with the army of your ruler; I will see you tomorrow morning with our poor levies." The other replied, "Jin is the brother of Lu and Wey. They came and told our ruler that your great State was venting its indignation, morning and evening, on their poor countries. He could not bear [to hear of their sufferings], and sent us, his ministers, to intercede for them with your great State, charging us that we should not remain with our host long in your territory. We can advance, but we cannot retreat. You need not trouble yourself to send [any further] message." The marquis said, "What they grant us is what I desire. If they had not granted it, I should have seen them all the same. |
| 齊高固入晉師．桀石以投人．禽之．而乘其車．繫桑本焉．以徇齊壘．曰．欲勇者．賈余餘勇． |
Gao Gu of Qi entered the army of Jin, and with a stone struck down a man. He then took him, and, [leaving his own chariot], mounted that of the prisoner, tied a mulberry tree to it, and so exhibited himself round the entrenchments of Qi, crying out, "If any one wants valour, I will sell him what I have left to spare." |
| 癸酉．師陳于鞍．邴夏御齊侯．逢丑父為右．晉解張御郤克．鄭丘緩為右．齊侯曰．余姑翦滅此而朝食．不介馬而馳之． |
On Guiyou, both the armies were drawn up in array at An. The charioteer of the marquis of Qi was Bing Xia, with Feng Choufu as spearman on the right. Xie Zhang was charioteer to Xi Ke, with Zheng Qiuhuan as spearman on the right. The marquis said, "Let me exterminate those, and then I will take my breakfast." With this he galloped forward, without having his horses covered with mail. |
| 郤克傷於矢．流血及屨．未絕鼓音．曰．余病矣．張侯曰．自始合．而矢貫余手及肘．余折以御．左輪朱殷．豈敢言病．吾子忍之．緩曰．自始合．苟有險．余必下推車．子豈識之．然子病矣．張侯曰．師之耳目．在吾旗鼓．進退從之．此車．一人殿之．可以集事．若之何其以病．敗君之大事也．擐甲執兵．固即死也．病未及死．吾子勉之．左并轡．右援枹而鼓．馬逸不能止．師從之．齊師敗績．逐之．三周華不注． |
Xi Ke was wounded by an arrow, till the blood ran down to his shoes, but he never let the sound of the drum cease. [At last], he said, "I am in pain." Zhanghou [Xie Zhang. 侯 was his designation] said, "At the first encounter one arrow pierced my hand, and another my wrist. But I broke them and continued my driving, till the left wheel is of a deep purple, not daring to speak of the pain. Do you, Sir, bear yours." Huan said, "From the first encounter, whenever we have come to difficult ground, I have got down and pushed the chariot along. You, Sir, have not known it because of your distress." Zhanghou said, "The eyes and ears of the army are on our flag and drum. It will advance or retire as our chariot does. While there is one man left to direct this chariot, we may achieve success. Why should you for your pain cause the failure of our ruler's great enterprize? When one dons his armour and takes his weapons, it is to go in the way of death; you are not in pain to death;—strive to combat with it." With this, he held the reins with his left hand, and with the right took the drumstick, and beat the drum. The trained horses urged on, unable to stop, followed by the army. The army of Qi received a great defeat; [and the marquis] was pursued thrice all round [the hill of] Huafuzhu. |
| 韓厥夢子輿謂己曰．且辟左右．故中御而從齊侯．邴夏曰．射其御者．君子也．公曰．謂之君子而射之．非禮也．射其左．越于車下．射其右．斃于車中． |
Han Jue had dreamt, [the night before], that Ziyu, [his father], said to him, "Avoid both the left and the right [of the chariot]." In consequence of this, he drove in the middle place, and pursued the marquis of Qi. Bing Xia said, "Shoot the driver; he is a superior man." The marquis said, "Since you call him a superior man, it would be contrary to rule to shoot him." He shot therefore the man on the left, who fell down below the chariot, and then the man on the right, who died in it. |
| 綦毋張喪車．從韓厥曰．請寓乘．從左右．皆肘之．使立於後．韓厥俛定其右．逢丑父與公易位．將及華泉．驂絓於木而止． |
[Just then], Qiwu Zhang, who had lost his own chariot, came up to Han Jue, and asked that he would take him into his. He agreed to do so, but with his elbow moved him away first from the left and then from the right, and made him stand behind himself. [Soon after], he bent forward and adjusted the body of the spearman who had been on the right, [which gave an opportunity to] Feng Choufu and the marquis to change places. When the fugitives had nearly reached the spring of Hua, one of the outside horses was caught by a tree, and stopped. |
| 丑父寢於轏中．蛇出於其下．以肱擊之．傷而匿之．故不能推車而及． |
Choufu, [some time before], had been lying in a sleeping carriage, when a snake made its appearance beneath him, which he struck with his elbow. It bit him, and though he had concealed the wound, he was now unable to push the carriage on, and the pursuers came up. |
| 韓厥執縶馬前．再拜稽首．奉觴加璧以進．曰．寡君使群臣為魯衛請．曰．無令輿師．陷入君地．下臣不幸．屬當戎行．無所逃隱．且懼奔辟．而忝兩君．臣辱戎士．敢告不敏．攝官承乏．丑父使公下如華泉取飲．鄭周父御佐車．宛茷為右．載齊侯以免． |
Han Jue went with a rope in his hand before the marquis's horses, bowed twice with his head to the ground, and then presented to him a cup, with a bi in it, saying, "My ruler sent us to intercede with you on behalf of Lu and Wey, charging us not to allow our army to enter deep into your lordship's territory. Unfortunately, I found myself thrown among the soldiers, and could not avoid my present position. I was afraid, moreover, that if I fled away so as to escape from it, I should disgrace both my own ruler and your lordship. And being now in the position of a soldier, I venture to tell you of my want of ability, and to undertake the office [of your charioteer], so supplying your present need." Choufu then made the marquis descend from the chariot, and go to the spring of Hua to fetch some water, when he was received into an attendant chariot by Zheng Zhoufu, Yuan Fei being the spearman on the right, and made his escape. |
| 韓厥獻丑父．郤獻子將戮之．呼曰．自今無有代其君任患者．有一於此．將為戮乎．郤子曰．人不難以死免其君．我戮之不祥．赦之以勸事君者．乃免之．齊侯免．求丑父．三入三出．每出齊師以帥退．入于狄卒．狄卒皆抽戈楯冒之以入于衛師．衛師免之． |
Han Jue presented Choufu [as the marquis] to Xi Xianzi, who, [on discovering the fraud], was about to put him to death. The prisoner cried out, "Henceforth no one will take upon himself in his room the danger to which his ruler is exposed. One such person there is here; and will you put him to death?" Xizi said, "This man did not shrink from the risk of death to secure the escape of his ruler;—if I execute him, it will be inauspicious. I will forgive him as an encouragement to those who wish to serve their ruler." Accordingly, he spared his life, and in the meantime, the marquis, after his escape, thrice entered [the army of Jin], and thrice issued from it, looking for Choufu. Every time he hurried on at the head of his soldiers to stimulate those who wished to retire, and then he entered among the Di men, who presented their spears and their shields, covering him till he passed through them into the army of Wey, which allowed him to make his escape. |
| 遂自徐關入．齊侯見保者曰勉之．齊師敗矣．辟女子．女子曰．君免乎．曰．免矣．曰．銳司徒免乎．曰．免矣．曰．苟君與吾父免矣．可若何．乃奔．齊侯以為有禮．既而問之．辟司徒之妻也．予之石窌． |
The army then went through the pass of Xu, the marquis charging the commandants [of the cities] whom he saw to exert themselves to the utmost, as the army was defeated. [Some one] urged a woman to get out of the way, but she said, "Has the marquis escaped?" Being told he had, she said, "Has the commander of the vanguard escaped?" Being told again that he also had escaped, she said. "Since the marquis and my father have escaped, it does not matter so much;" and ran away. The marquis considered that she was a woman of propriety; and finding on inquiry that she was the wife of the superintendent of entrenchments, he gave him the city of Shiliu. |
| 晉師從齊師．入自丘輿．擊馬陘．齊侯使賓媚人．賂以紀甗．玉磬．與地．不可．則聽客之所為．賓媚人致賂．晉人不可．曰．必以蕭同叔子為質．而使齊之封內．盡東其畝． |
The army of Jin pursued that of Qi, entering the country by [the city of] Qiuyu, and going on to attack Majing. The marquis sent Bin Meiren [Guo Zuo; but why he is thus designated here has not been fully explained] to offer [the invaders] the steamer and the musical stone of jade [which Qi had taken] from Ji, and the territory [of Wey and Lu, which it had taken]; and if this would not satisfy them, to ascertain what they wanted. Bin Meiren offered these bribes; but the general of Jin refused [to grant peace for them], and required that Qi should deliver up the daughter of Tongshu of Xiao as a hostage, and make the divisions of the fields in all the State run from east to west. |
| 對曰．蕭同叔子非他．寡君之母也．若以匹敵．則亦晉君之母也．吾子布大命於諸侯．而曰必質其母以為信．其若王命何．且是以不孝令也．詩曰．孝子不匱．永錫爾類．若以不孝令於諸侯．其無乃非德類也乎． |
The messenger replied, "The daughter of Tongshu of Xiao is no other than the mother of our ruler. Our States are of equal rank, and she is not inferior to the mother of the ruler of Jin. If you, in giving out your great commands to the States, say to them, 'You must pledge the mothers [of your rulers] with us as the proof of your good faith,' what will be the character of such a course in relation to the commands of the [former] kings? And moreover, it is to command men not to be filial. The ode (Shi, III. ii. ode II. 5) says:—
'For such filial piety unceasing, There will for ever be conferred blessing on you.' If you command the other princes to be unfilial, will you not be causing the fellows of your ruler to do what is not virtuous? |
| 先王疆理天下．物土之宜而布其利．故詩曰．我疆我理．南東其畝．今吾子疆理諸侯．而曰盡東其畝而已．唯吾子戎車是利．無顧土宜．其無乃非先王之命也乎． |
The former kings, in laying out the boundaries and divisions of the land, examined the character of the ground so that the greatest benefit might be derived from it. Hence the ode (Shi, II. vi. ode VI. 1) says:—
'We have laid out the boundaries and smaller divisions, The south-lying and east-lying acres.' But now when you would lay out the fields of the other States, and say, 'Their divisions must all run only from east to west,' such an arrangement would be of advantage only to your war-chariots. There is no regard in it to the character of the ground;—is not this to disown the commands [and example] of the former kings? |
| 反先王則不義．何以為盟主．其晉實有闕．四王之王也．樹德而濟同欲焉．五伯之霸也．勤而撫之．以役王命．今吾子求合諸侯．以逞無疆之欲．詩曰．布政優優．百祿是遒．子實不優．而棄百祿．諸侯何害焉． |
To go against the former kings is to be unrighteous;—how can [the State which does so] be lord of covenants? Jin is here in error. The kindly rule of the four [great] kings was seen in their establishment of virtue, and in their sympathy with and furtherance of the common wishes of all the people. The presidency of the five leaders of the States was signalized by their laborious cherishing of the States, and leading them to obey the commands of the kings. But now you seek to unite all the States for the gratification of your own limitless desires. The ode (Shi, IV. iii. ode IV. 4) says,
'Mildly he spread the rules of his government abroad, And all dignities became concentrated in him.' You indeed have not that mildness, and you throw away [from Jin] those dignities; but what harm can the [other] States receive from that? |
| 不然．寡君之命使臣．則有辭矣．曰．子以君師辱於敝邑．不腆敝賦．以犒從者．畏君之震．師徒橈敗．吾子惠徼齊國之福．不泯其社稷．使繼舊好．唯是先君之敝器土地不敢愛．子又不許．請收合餘燼．背城借一．敝邑之幸．亦云從也．況其不幸．敢不唯命是聽． |
If you do not accede [to our request for peace], my ruler commissioned me to deliver this further message:—With the armies of your ruler you came to our poor State, and with our poor levies we gave largess to your followers. Through the terror inspired by your ruler, our troops were defeated and dispersed. If you, Sir, will kindly extend your favour to the fortunes of the State of Qi, and not destroy our altars, but allow the old friendship between your State and ours to be continued, then we shall not grudge giving up the precious things of our former rulers and the lands [which they had taken]. If you will not grant us this, then we will collect the fragments of our forces, and ask for another battle before the walls of our capital. Should we have the good fortune (to win it), we will still obey your orders. Should we not have that fortune, we shall much more not dare but listen to your commands." |
| 魯衛諫曰．齊疾我矣．其死亡者．皆親暱也．子若不許．讎我必甚．唯子則又何求．子得其國寶．我亦得地而紓於難．其榮多矣．齊晉亦唯天所授．豈必晉．晉人許之．對曰．群臣帥賦輿．以為魯衛請．若苟有以藉口．而復於寡君．君之惠也．敢不唯命是聽．禽鄭自師逆公． |
Lu and Wey strongly urged [Xi Ke], saying, "Qi is angry with us. Those who have died in battle are the marquis's relatives and favourites. If you do not grant [his request for peace], his enmity to us will be extreme. And what can you be seeking for? You have got the most precious things of his State. We have also got our territory, and are relieved from our difficulties. Your glory is great, and between Qi and Jin, victory is the gift of Heaven; Jin cannot be sure of it." On this, the general of Jin agreed to grant peace, replying [to Bin Meiren], "We brought our chariots here, to make intercession for Lu and Wey. That we are now furnished with an answer which we can carry back to our ruler, is from the kindness of your ruler. We dare do nothing but listen to your commands." Qin Zheng then proceeded from the army to Lu to meet the duke." |
| 秋．七月．晉師及齊國佐盟于爰婁．使齊人歸我汶陽之田． |
In autumn, in the 7th month the army of Jin approached the capital of Qi. Guo Zuo made a covenant at Yuanlou, by which the people of Jin were required to return to us the lands of Wenyang. |
| 公會晉師于上鄍．三帥先路三命之服．司馬．司空．輿帥．候正．亞旅．皆受一命之服． |
The duke [of Lu] met the army of Jin at Shangming, and to each of its three commanders (Xi Ke, Shi Xie, and Luan Shu) he gave a carriage of leather, with the robes of a minister of three degrees. The marshal of the host, the superintendent of entrenchments, the master of the chariots, the master of the scouts, and the other great officers inferior to them, all received the robes of an officer of one degree. |
八月．宋文公卒．始厚葬．用蜃炭．益車馬．始用殉．重器備．槨有四阿．棺有翰檜．君子謂華元．樂舉．於是乎不臣．臣．治煩去惑者也．是以伏死而爭．今二子者．君生則縱其惑．死又益其侈．是棄君於惡也．何臣之為．
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In the 8th month duke Wen of Song died. He was the first [duke of Song] to whom they gave an extravagant interment, using mortar made of [burnt] frogs [for the walls of the grave], with more than the usual number of [earthen] carriages and [straw] horses. For the first time men (? images of men) were interred with the corpse. The number of articles prepared for such an occasion was augmented. The outer coffin was made with 4 pillars, and the inner one was ornamented above and on the sides. The superior man will say:——"Hua Yuan and Yue Ju did not act on this occasion as ministers ought to do. It is the part of ministers to control the restless movements and remove the errors of their ruler, striving to do so even at the risk of their lives. These two officers, while their ruler was alive, allowed him to take the way of error; and when he was dead, they acted as if they were increasing his extravagance. They abandoned their ruler to wickedness, having nothing about them of the proper character of ministers." |
| 九月．衛穆公卒．晉二子自役弔焉．哭於大門之外．衛人逆之．婦人哭於門內．送亦如之．遂常以葬． |
In the 9th month, duke Mu of Wey died. The three generals of Jin, on their way from the campaign [in Qi], went [to the capital of Wey] to offer their condolences, and wept outside the great gate [of the palace]. The officers of Wey met them there, and the women wept inside the gate. The same rule was observed when the generals were escorted away;—and this became the regular method of condolence when there was to be an interment [in Wey]. |
| 楚之討陳夏氏也．莊王欲納夏姬．申公巫臣曰．不可．君召諸侯．以討罪也．今納夏姬．貪其色也．貪色為淫．淫為大罰．周書曰．明德慎罰．文王所以造周也．明德．務崇之之謂也．慎罰．務去之之謂也．若興諸侯．以取大罰．非慎之也．君其圖之．王乃止． |
When Chu punished the Head of the Xia family in Chen [See VII. xi. 5, and read the Zhuan there and on ix. 13, x. 8] king Zhuang wanted to take [his mother], Xia Ji, to his harem; but Wuchen, duke of Shen, said to him, 'Do not do so. You called out the States to punish a criminal. If you now take Xia Ji to your harem, it will be through desire of her beauty. Such desire is lewdness, and lewdness is a great crime. One of the Books of Zhou [Shu, V. ix. 2] says, 'He illustrated virtue and carefully abstained from wickedness;'—it was thus that King Wen made Zhou [what it became]. 'He illustrated his virtue;'—that is, he did his utmost to exalt it. 'He carefully abstained from wickedness;'—that is, he did his utmost to put it away. If, having roused the States to this expedition, you go on to commit a great wickedness, that is not careful abstinence from it. Let your lordship well consider the matter." The king on this desisted from his purpose. |
| 子反欲取之．巫臣曰．是不祥人也．是夭子蠻．殺御叔．弒靈侯．戮夏南．出孔儀．喪陳國．何不祥如是．人生實難．其有不獲死乎．天下多美婦人．何必是．子反乃止． |
Zifan then wished to take her; but Wuchen said to him, "She is a woman of evil omen. She brought [her brother] Ziman, to an early death; proved the death of [her husband] Yushu; occasioned the murder of the marquis Ling, the execution of [her son] Xia Nan, the expulsion of Kong and Yi, and the ruin of the State of Chen. What more inauspicious a woman could there be? Man's life is encompassed with difficulties;—is there any one who cannot [naturally] find death? There are many beautiful women in the world;—why must you have this one?" Zifan on this [likewise] gave up his purpose. |
| 王以予連尹襄老．襄老死於邲．不獲其尸．其子黑要烝焉．巫臣使道焉．曰．歸．吾聘女．又使自鄭召之．曰．尸可得也．必來逆之．姬以告王．王問諸屈巫．對曰．其信．知罃之父．成公之嬖也．而中行伯之季弟也．新佐中軍．而善鄭皇戌．甚愛此子．其必因鄭而歸王子．與襄老之尸．以求之．鄭人懼於邲之役．而欲求媚於晉．其必許之．王遣夏姬歸．將行．謂送者曰．不得尸．吾不反矣．巫臣聘諸鄭．鄭伯許之． |
The king then gave her to the Lianyin, Xiang Lao, who died at the battle of Bi [In the 12th year of duke Xuan], though his body had not been found. His son Heiyao then had a connection with her; but Wuchen sent a message to her, saying, "Return [to Zheng], and I will make you regularly my wife." He further brought it about that they should send from Zheng to call her there, on the ground that the body [of her husband, Xiang Lao] could be found, and that she must come and meet it. [Xia] Ji informed the king of this message, who asked Qu Wu [Wuchen] about it. Wuchen replied, 'The thing is true. The father of Zhi Ying [A prisoner in Chu, since the battle of Bi] was a favourite with duke Cheng [of Jin], and is the youngest brother of Zhonghang Bo [Xun Linfu]. He has recently been made assistant-commander of the army of the centre, and is very friendly with Huang Xu of Zheng. He is much attached to this son, and is sure, through Zheng, to offer to restore our king's son [A prisoner, since the same battle, in Jin] and the body of Xiang Lao in exchange for him. The people of Zheng are afraid [of Jin] in consequence of the battle of Bi, and anxious to conciliate its favour, so that they will agree to the wishes of Zhi Ying's father." [On hearing this], the king sent Xia Ji back to Zheng, and as she was about to commence the journey, she said to those who were escorting her, "If I do not get the body [of my husband], I will not return here." [Thus she went to Zheng, and by and by], Wuchen made proposals of marriage with her to the earl of Zheng, who accepted them. |
| 及共王即位．將為陽橋之役．使屈巫聘於齊．且告師期．巫臣盡室以行．申叔跪從其父將適郢．遇之．曰．異哉．夫子有三軍之懼．而又有桑中之喜．宜將竊妻以逃者也．及鄭．使介反幣．而以夏姬行．將奔齊．齊師新敗．曰．吾不處不勝之國．遂奔晉．而因郤至．以臣於晉．晉人使為邢大夫．子反請以重幣錮之．王曰．止．其自為謀也則過矣．其為吾先君謀也則忠．忠．社稷之固也．所蓋多矣．且彼若能利國家．雖重幣．晉將可乎．若無益於晉．晉將棄之．何勞錮焉． |
After the accession of king Gong [in Chu] when he was arranging for the expedition to Yangqiao [In the winter of this year], he sent Qu Wu to go on a friendly mission to Qi, and to inform the marquis of the time of taking the field. Wuchen took all his family along with him, and was met by Shen Shugui, who was going to Ying in the suite of his father. Shugui said to him, 'How strange! You have the anxiety of all the armies of the State on your mind, and yet you are as bright as if proceeding to an encounter among the mulberry trees. You ought to be stealing a marriage with some lady!" When Wuchen got to Zheng, he sent his assistant in the mission back to Chu with the presents [he had received for Qi], and proceeded to go elsewhere with Xia Ji. He had been minded to fly to Qi, but as its army had sustained the recent defeat, he said, "I will not live in a State which is not victorious," and fled to Jin, where, by means of Xi Zhi, he obtained an appointment, and was made commandant of Xing. Zifan requested [the king of Chu to present large offerings [to Jin], and get him dismissed from its service; but the king said, "He has gone in the way in which he had planned for himself; but in the plans which he laid for my father he was loyal. Loyalty secures the stability of the altars, and may cover a multitude of offences. If he prove of advantage to it, moreover, would Jin listen to our request, though it were made with large offerings? If he do not prove of service, Jin will cast him off, without our having the trouble of seeking his dismissal. |
| 晉師歸．范文子後入．武子曰．無為吾望爾也乎．對曰．師有功．國人喜以逆之．先入．必屬耳目焉．是代帥受名也．故不敢．武子曰．吾知免矣． |
When the army returned to Jin, Fan Wenzi [Shi Xie; see the Zhuan on p. 3] was the last [of the generals] to enter the capital. Wuzi, [his father], said to him, "Have you not made me wait for you?" He replied, "The army has done good service, and the people are meeting it with joy. If I had entered first, I should have attracted to myself their eyes and ears, and received the fame which belongs to the commander-in-chief. On this account I did not dare [to enter sooner]." Wuzi said, "I know by this that he will keep out of danger." |
| 郤伯見公曰．子之力也夫．對曰．君之訓也．二三子之力也．臣何力之有焉．范叔見．勞之如郤伯．對曰．庚所命也．克之制也．燮何力之有焉．欒伯見．公亦如之．對曰．燮之詔也．士用命也．書何力之有焉． |
Xi Bo had an interview with the duke, who said to him, "The victory was due to you." He replied, "It was due to your lordship's instructions, and to the efforts of all your officers. No peculiar merit belonged to me." Fan Shu [Fan Wenzi] had an interview, and the duke complimented him in the same way, when he replied, "I got my appointment through [Xun] Geng [the commander of the 1st army. Shi Xie's was only a temporary appointment], and the dispositions were made by Ke. No peculiar merit belonged to me." When Luan Bo had an interview, the duke addressed him also in the same way, but he said, 'It was Xie who instructed me, and the soldiers obeyed their orders. No peculiar merit belonged to me.' |
| 宣公使求好于楚．莊王卒．宣公薨．不克作好．公即位．受盟于晉．會晉伐齊．衛人不行使于楚．而亦受盟于晉．從於伐齊．故楚令尹子重為陽橋之役以救齊．將起師．子重曰．君弱．群臣不如先大夫．師眾而後可．詩曰．濟濟多士．文王以寧．夫文王猶用眾．況吾儕乎．且先君莊王屬之曰．無德以及遠方．莫如惠恤其民而善用之． |
Duke Xuan had sent to ask the friendship [and aid] of Chu [See the Zhuan after VII. xviii. 3 and 5], but in consequence of his death and that of king Zhuang, Lu and Chu had not become allied. When duke Cheng succeeded to the State, he accepted a covenant with Jin, and joined that State in the invasion of Qi. [At the same time], the people of Wey had neglected to send any mission to Chu, and had also accepted a covenant with Jin, and followed it against Qi. Zichong, the chief minister of Chu, therefore, made the expedition of Yangqiao for the relief of Qi. When he was about to raise the army for the service, he said, "Our ruler is young, and we are not equal to the great officers of a former day. We shall require a large force in order to succeed. The ode (Shi, III. i. ode I. 3) says,
'Numerous was the array of officers, And by them king Wen enjoyed repose.' If even king Wen employed a large force, much more must we do so! Moreover, our late ruler, duke Zhuang, gave an order saying, "When our virtue is not sufficient to reach to distant regions, our best plan is to show kindness and compassion to our own people, and use them well. |
| 乃大戶．已責．逮鰥．救乏．赦罪．悉師．王卒盡行．彭名御戎．蔡景公為左．許靈公為右．二君弱．皆強冠之． |
On this, he instituted a grand census from house to house, remitted taxes, was kind to the old and widowed, gave help to the needy, and pardoned offenders. He then raised all the forces of the State. The king's own troops also went. Peng Ming drove the king's chariot, having duke Jing of Cai on the left, and duke Ling of Xu on the right. These two princes were both young, and they were capped, notwithstanding, for the occasion. |
| 冬．楚師侵衛．遂侵我師于蜀．使臧孫往．辭曰．楚遠而久．固將退矣．無功而受名．臣不敢．楚侵及陽橋．孟孫請往賂之．以執斲執鍼織紝．皆百人．公衡為質．以請盟．楚人許平． |
In winter the army of Chu made an incursion into Wey, and then into our territory, where it encamped at Shu. The duke wished to send Zangsun [Xuanshu] to it, but he declined, saying, "[The army of] Chu has come far, and been long on the way. It is sure to withdraw, and I do not dare to receive the fame of effecting such a service." Chu then advanced to Yangqiao, and Mengsun [Meng Xianzi, called also Zhongsun Mie] begged leave to go and bribe it [to retreat]. He took with him 100 mechanics, 100 female embroiderers, and as many weavers, with [the duke's son] Gongheng, as a hostage, and with them requested a covenant, when Chu agreed to make peace. |
| 十一月．公及楚公子嬰齊．蔡侯．許男．秦右大夫說．宋華元．陳公孫寧．衛孫良夫．鄭公子去疾．及齊國之大夫．盟于蜀． |
In the 11th month, the duke, with king [Mu's] son, Yingqi of Chu, the marquis of Cai, the baron of Xu, Yue, great officer of the right, of Qin, Hua Yuan, of Song, Gongsun Ning of Chen, Sun Liangfu of Wey, the Gongzi Quji of Zheng, and a great officer, of Qi, made a covenant at Shu. |
| 卿不書匱盟也．於是乎畏晉而竊與楚盟．故曰匱盟．蔡侯許男不書．乘楚車也．謂之失位．君子曰．位其不可不慎也乎．蔡許之君．一失其位．不得列於諸侯．況其下乎．詩曰．不解于位．民之攸塈．其是之謂矣． |
The names of the ministers of the different States are not given in the text, because this was an imperfect covenant. It may be called so, because they were at this time afraid of Jin, and made the covenant with Chu by stealth. The marquis of Cai and the baron of Xu are not mentioned, because they had occupied the carriage of [the viscount of] Chu, and might be said to have lost their rank. The superior man will say, "His rank is what a man must be careful of! When once the rulers of Cai and Xu had failed to assert their rank, they were not numbered with the princes of the States;—how much greater would be the consequence to men of inferior station! What the ode (Shi, III. ii. ode V. 4) says,
'Not being idle in their stations, They secure the repose of the people,' may be applied to a case like this." |
| 楚師及宋．公衡逃歸．臧宣叔曰．衡父不忍數年之不宴．以棄魯國．國將若之何．誰居．後之人必有任是夫．國棄矣．是行也． |
When the army of Chu reached Song [on its return], Gongheng [See above in the last Zhuan] stole away from it, back to Lu. Zang Xuanshu said, "Hengfu, in thus shrinking from the discomfort of a few years, has had no regard to the welfare of the State of Lu. How shall the State deal with the case? Who will sustain the consequences? Hereafter, the people will have to suffer them. The State has been abandoned." |
| 晉辟楚．畏其眾也．君子曰．眾之不可已也．大夫為政．猶以眾克．況明君而善用其眾乎．大誓所謂商兆民離．周十人同者．眾也． |
During this expedition, Jin avoided Chu through fear of the multitude of its army. The superior man will say, "Numbers cannot be dispensed with. Great officers, having the authority in their hands, could overcome by numbers;—how much more must an intelligent ruler who uses his numbers well do so! What 'The great Declaration' (Shu, III. i. Pt. ii. 6) says, about Shang's having millions of people, divided in heart and Zhou's having ten men united, illustrates the value of numbers (?)" |
| 晉侯使鞏朔獻齊捷于周．王弗見．使單襄公辭焉．曰．蠻夷戎狄．不式王命．淫湎毀常．王命伐之．則有獻捷．王親受而勞之．所以懲不敬．勸有功也．兄弟甥舅．侵敗王略．王命伐之．告事而已．不獻其功．所以敬親暱．禁淫慝也．今叔父克遂有功于齊．而不使命卿鎮撫王室．所使來撫余一人．而鞏伯實來．未有職司於王室．又奸先王之禮．余雖欲於鞏伯．其敢廢舊典以忝叔父．夫齊．甥舅之國也．而大師之後也．寧不亦淫從其欲．以怒叔父．抑豈不可諫誨． |
The marquis of Jin sent Gongshuo [Shi Zhuangbo 士 莊 伯 to Zhou with the prisoners and spoils of Qi, but the king would not see him, and made duke Xiang of Shan decline [the offerings], saying, "When any of the wild tribes, south, east, west or north, do not obey the king's commands, and by their dissoluteness and drunkenness are violating all the duties of society, the king gives command to attack them. Then when the spoils taken from them are presented, the king receives them in person, and rewards their punishers;—thus curbing the disrespectful, and encouraging the meritorious. When States, ruled by princes of the same surname with the royal House, or by princes of other surnames, are doing despite to the king's rules, he gives command to attack them. Then an announcement is made of the service performed, but no trophies of it are presented:—[the king] in this way showing his respect for his relatives and friends, and preventing rude license [in the punishment]. Now my uncle [of Jin], having obtained a victory over Qi, yet has not sent any of his ministers commissioned by me to guard and comfort the royal House. The messenger whom he has sent to comfort me, the One man, is this Gongbo, whose office gives him no introduction to the royal House, which is contrary to the rules of the former kings. Though I wish to receive Gongbo, yet I do not dare to disgrace my uncle by setting at naught the old statutes. And Qi is a State ruled by princes of another surname, descendants of the grand-tutor [of king Wen]. Granting that its ruler rudely indulged his own desires so as to excite the anger of my uncle, would it not have been sufficient to remonstrate with him, and instruct him?" |
士莊伯不能對．王使委於三吏．禮之如侯伯克敵．使大夫告慶之禮．降於卿禮一等．王以鞏伯宴．而私賄之．使相告之曰．非禮也．勿籍． |
'To this speech Shi Zhuangbo could make no reply, and the king entrusted the entertaining of him to his three [principal] ministers. They treated him with the ceremonies due to the great officer of a president of the States, announcing his ruler's conquest of his enemies,—a degree lower than the ceremonies proper to a high minister. The king also gave him an entertainment, and presented him privately with gifts, making the director of the ceremonies say to him, "This is contrary to rule. Do not make a record of it.'
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